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Heart Conditioning
Stress is a constellation of events, consisting of a stimulus or signal generated by any physical, chemical or biological factors (stressor), that activates physiological fight or flight systems in the body (stress response) in order to counteract, adapt and survive, which involve the release of factors in the systemic circulation and locally within central and peripheral tissues.
Generally speaking, brief, transient and physiological stress activates multiple physiological systems such as cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, neuroendocrine and immunological systems to enhance body protection or performance. Such stress adaptive response is one of nature’s fundamental survival mechanisms, or known as self-curative mechanisms. However, severe, persistent and pathological stress is maladaptive, and has been shown to have numerous adverse effects on health and longevity.
Coronary arteries are the blood vessels of the heart. Heart ischemia occurs when blood supply to the heart muscle is reduced due to occlusion of the coronary arteries. Mild, transient, physiological heart ischemia produces adaptive or compensatory mechanisms. Severe, sustained, pathophysiological heart ischemia gives rise to maladaptive or decompensatory mechanisms.
In 1986, Murry et.al. first demonstrated ischemic preconditioning in dogs. Brief (5-minute) repeated occlusions of the coronary artery before the subsequent sustained occlusion resulted in reduction in infarct size. Ischemic preconditioning has been reproducibly well established in all animal species investigated as well as humans. Ischemic preconditioning is beneficial and protective against postischemic contractile dysfunction, ischemia- and reperfusion-induced cardiac arrhythmias, apoptosis, and infarct injury. This shift of the heart to a preconditioned phenotype (feature) with mild, transient, physiological heart ischemia is recognized as an important progress in the field of heart protection.
To recapitulate, by mild, transient, physiological heart ischemia, which is a stress to the heart, compensatory adaptations are induced, which maintain cardiovascular homeostasis and normal cardiovascular functions, at the molecular, cellular, structural, tissue and organ levels. Therefore, the heart can already be conditioned and protected, as demonstrated by the beneficial and protective effects observed following the subsequent sustained heart ischemia and/or reperfusion. The heart then becomes less vulnerable to subsequent cardiovascular events. Heart conditioning is thus the most important healthy regimen, because it can prevent the most common but fatal diseases of sudden death, myocardial infarction and stroke, at least reduce the morbidity and mortality. Besides, a healthy cardiovascular system covers and crosstalks to all other systems of our body. Heart conditioning not only has protective effects on the heart, but also remote organs such as brain, lung, kidney or gut, against injuries associated with ischemia and other insults, including toxicants, hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation, and iodinated radiocontrast media. Moreover, it is speculated that, similar to heart conditioning, the other body systems may likewise be stressed, conditioned and protected. Hence, evidence that conditioning exists in humans may provide a major impetusto the development of modalities or measures for keeping the heart and the other body systems in a continuously conditioned and protected state, preferably regularly and indefinitely. The response of the body to environmental changes is the fundamental of homeostasis. The human body is capable to recruit various adaptive, compensatory mechanisms in order to keep body homeostasis and normal function in response to a variety of aggressions or stressors. It is becoming increasingly clear that conditioning of the heart and other body systems are stressors which can elicit compensatory adaptations so as to maintain cardiovascular and body homeostasis, and is an important feature of successful antiaging programs.
Heterochronic parabiosis
Pairing two animals in parabiosis to test for circulatory or systemic factors from one animal affecting the other animal has been used in scientific research for at least 150 years. A variation on the above technique, heterochronic parabiosis, whereby old and young animals are paired to test for systemic regulators or factors of aspects of aging and antiaging also has a century-long scientific history.
Parabiosis refers to the condition in which two living animals are connected surgically and develop a single, shared circulatory system. In this technique, animals are joined surgically, often along the adjacent flanks, to create shared circulation arising from the newly formed vascular connection. Heterochronic parabiosis, the pairing of young and old animals, provides an experimental model to test for systemic effects on the process of cell and tissue aging, the development of age-related diseases, or other age-related parameters including organismal longevity. It has been demonstrated that parabiosis to healthy animals could increase the lifespan of animals that would otherwise die earlier due to disease or lethal treatment of some sort such as irradiation. When the circulatory systems of old and young animals are joined together in a heterochronic parabiotic model, the older partner undergoes rejuvenation. Therefore, current work verify a paradigm of treatment or reversion of aging and age-related diseases; the age and pathologies of tissues is acutely, rapidly, effectively reversed to younger and healthy states.
Healthy regimen: reversion of disease and aging
Lately, it is established that the afore-mentioned heart conditioning produces cardioprotective or normal factors. It has been demonstrated that plasma from animals subjected to heart conditioning may be used to transfer cardioprotection to other animals and between species, suggesting a protective (or normal) factor in the circulation.
Utilizing modern medicine, diet, exercise, lifestyle modification and conditioning of the whole body, so as to implement normal factors and remove abnormal factors simultaneously, this healthy regimen may therefore lead to reversion of disease and aging, similar to that of the heterchronic parabiosis model. In particular, cells are under a mild physiological stress due to conditioning of the body, and the cells respond to the stress adaptively by restoring homeostasis with normal internal environment or systemic milieu, and enhancing their ability to cope with stress and maybe, to oppose or reverse disease and aging. Healthy regimen is the reversion of disease and aging, as demonstrated and evidenced by the heterochronic parabiosis model.
Simply stated, healthy medicine is that branch of medicine to keep you healthy. Healthy means you have no disease and no aging. Healthy regimen means the reversion of disease and aging. Healthy medicine involves many disciplines such as aging, antiaging, geroscience, gerontology, geriatrics, preventive medicine, basic and clinical sciences etc. Practically speaking, healthy medicine emphasizes on healthy regimens, for reversion of disease and aging, as evidenced by the heterochronic parabiosis model (pairing of old and young animals to study the aging and antiaging processes). All in all, healthy medicine is the science or practice of the diagnosis, prevention, treatment and reversion of disease and aging.
For details, please study the book “Healthy regimen: Reversion of disease and aging”, or review article (www.heartdisease.idv.tw).
Healthy medicine is forthcoming!
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