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Nanomedicine
Nanotechnology involves the creation and use of materials and devices at the size scale of intracellular structures and molecules on the order of less than 100 nm. Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology to medicine. The aim of nanomedicine is the comprehensive monitoring, control, construction, repair, defense and improvement of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures, operating and performing medicine at the single-cell level, ultimately to achieve medical benefits such as the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.
Applications are wide ranging, from imaging, where nanoparticles serve as contrast agents and fluorescent dyes, to biosensors and assays. One major area of application is drug delivery. Nanoparticles used in drug delivery include lipid-based polymers, dendrimers and virus-based nanoparticles. Nanoparticles and nanodelivery systems can improve uptake, increase specificity by actively targeting diseased sites and tissues, and allow drug release on a predetermined schedule. These systems result in reduced drug use, improved bioavailability (drug effects) and fewer side effects.
The size and morphology of nanoparticles lead to different physic-chemical,
biological, electromagnetic, magnetic, optical, thermal and quantum properties
and effects than their respective bulk forms, therefore conveying a variety of health
benefits. At
moderate or high doses, nanoparticles can trigger stronger pharmacological
effects; at low doses, nanoparticles mobilize non-pharmacological,
biological adaptation, hormesis (stimulating effects of low concentration of a substance on an organism)
and body amplification mechanisms.
Serving as mild environmental stressors, natural source, non-drug
nanoparticles of plant, mineral, or animal source could modulate and strengthen
adaptive capacities and resilence, and promote stronger neural and immune
functions.
Due to their enhanced chemical activity, nanoparticles can react with pollutants in the air and water, and transform them into harmless compounds. Nanoparticles with a small content of palladium can transform harmful products in groundwater into less harmful end products.
Ironically, homeopathic medicine may be one of the oldest and safest forms of nanoparticle-based treatment already used worldwide for over 200 years. The ways in which homeopathic remedies are prepared (trituration, successions, glass containers, dilution, manual transfers from one dilution step to the next) can lead to different nanoparticle sizes and shapes, and thus different properties. Recent studies demonstrate that homeopathic medicine may contain source and/or silica nanoparticles because of their manufacturing processes. Homeopathic remedy use low doses of mineral, plant and/or animal source nanoparticles for the treatment of a variety of diseases.
Nanotechnologies are also gaining in commercial use. More than 1800 consumer products containing nanoparticles are currently introduced to the market, such as clothing, bedding, sporting goods, shoes, cosmetics and disinfectants.
The principle of nanotechnology is that materials with known properties and functions at their normal size take on different and often useful properties and functions at their nanosizes. By creating very, very tiny nanoparticles, there is increase in surface area for greater interaction with other particles, therefore confers increased reactivity and adsorptive capacity, with unique electromagnetic, chemical, biological and quantum properties, producing a variety of health benefits.
Nanoparticle coating produces nanostructured surface which can kill bacteria efficiently by rupturing adhered bacterial cells through physical interactions. Nanoparticles have potent antibiotic activity themselves, due to three principle mechanisms such as oxidative stress and non-oxidative stress, and metal ion release occurring simultaneously. Antibacterial nanocoatings may prevent or treat infections when used on suture and bandage materials. Nanotechnology is currently used in medicine to accelerate wound healing in burn patients through the use of nanocoated dressings and sutures.
Nanoparticle coating or clothing is self-cleaning, photodynamic or brilliant color, fade, wrinkle and wear resistance, resists liquid stains and bacterial growth, neutralizes odor, filters contaminants and blocks radiation.
Due to their nanoscale size, nanomaterials are able to interact with biological systems. When nano-sized materials are “internalized” into cells, they are likely to be perceived as toxic or foreign, and thus may activate the autophagic and immunologic responses, respectively. Autophagy (“self-eating”) maintains cellular homeostasis by mediating degradation of a variety of excess or unwanted intracellular materials ranging from proteins to organelles, resulting in enhanced clearance of toxic materials. Autophagy also plays a key role in innate immunity and degradation of intracellular pathogens. Therefore, nanotechnology may be used to condition and improve the cellular clearance (detoxification) and immune mechanisms.
Stress is any physical, chemical, electromagnetic, infection, psychosocial or biological factor that disrupts body homeostasis. Nanoparticles serve as salient, novel and foreign low level cellular stressor for the organism, initiating compensatory adaptive changes that ultimately condition and protect the body maintaining cellular homeostasis and body functions.
Thus, nanomedicine approaches hold great promise in revolutionizing the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of a wide range of diseases, including aging, cardiovascular and cancer pathologies.
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